POWER AND DATA MANAGEMENT
FAQ
Have questions about PDM transformers and dead tank circuit breakers? This FAQ covers frequently asked questions and is categorized by industry basics, industry standards, lead times, product customization options, transformer products and circuit breakers.
Industry Basics
Data centers require high-voltage power to handle large electrical loads efficiently. High voltage reduces current levels, which minimizes energy loss during transmission and allows for smaller, more cost-effective conductors. Furthermore, high voltage supports scalable infrastructure, making it easier to expand capacity as demand grows.
Scalable power infrastructure allows data centers to expand capacity without major redesigns or downtime. As computing and storage demands grow, improve energy management and ensure continuous operation. This flexibility is essential for maintaining reliability, reducing upgrade costs, and meeting future power requirements.
A VPI transformer (Vacuum Pressure Impregnated Transformer) is a type of dry-type transformer treated with resin under vacuum and pressure to fully insulate the windings, improving its thermal performance, mechanical strength, and resistance to moisture and contaminants. VPI transformers are commonly used in commercial buildings, industrial facilities, hospitals, data centers, or areas with humidity or airborne contaminants. VPI core windings is an optional addition to your PDM dry-type transfromer build.
Improving energy efficiency in a data center involves using high-efficiency power distribution equipment that meets or exceeds DOE standards, optimizing cooling systems, and reducing energy losses. Transformers play a key role. PDM offers transformers designed to meet DOE efficiency standards, with efficient and reliable performance.
As power demands grow, higher voltage is becoming the smarter choice. The move to high voltage power systems is driven by the growing demand for efficient, large-scale energy distribution in data centers, industrial plants, and utility infrastructure. High voltage allows more power to be transmitted over longer distances with less energy loss, making it ideal for today’s power-hungry world. In addition, high voltage systems support scalability and reliability, making them essential for supporting grid expansion and the integration of renewable and distributed energy resources.
To improve power distribution system reliability, use equipment that meets industry standards (ANSI, IEEE, NEMA), ensure proper system design, and maintain consistent load balancing. Regular inspections, preventive maintenance, and protective devices like surge arresters and breakers help reduce faults. All PDM transformers (Dry-Type, Padmount, and Power Substation) meet or exceed requirements set by NEMA, ANSI C57, the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), and IEEE, supporting long-term performance in data centers, mission critical facilities, and utility environments.
Generally speaking, long lead times for transformers are typically caused by material shortages (like copper and electrical steel), high demand, and limited global manufacturing capacity. Custom specifications and testing requirements can also extend production timelines.
The key differences for dry-type versus padmount are insulation type, installation location, and enclosure design. Dry-type transformers use air or solid insulation and are installed indoors, are open or ventilated, and are preferred where fire safety and indoor use are priorities. On the other hand, padmount transformers use oil insulation and are designed for outdoor installation, are fully enclosed in tamper-resistant cabinets, and are better for underground distribution.
The key differences between padmount transformer and power substation transformers are size, capacity, and where they are used within the power grid. Padmount transformers are compact, ground-mounted units used in local power distribution, typically for residential, commercial, or light industrial loads. They are enclosed in tamper-resistant cabinets and support underground distribution systems. Furthermore, power substation transformers are larger, high-capacity units used to step voltage up or down between transmission and distribution systems. They are installed in substations and serve large-scale applications like utilities, data centers, and industrial facilities.
PDM transformers can be filled with mineral oil or FR3 seed oil. Mineral oil is the industry standard for cooling and insulation but is petroleum-based and flammable. On the other hand, FR3 is a biodegradable, vegetable-based fluid with a higher fire point and lower environmental impact. FR3 is often used in urban or indoor environments where fire safety or environmental concerns are a priority.
No-load tap changers require de-energizing the transformer to adjust voltage, making them ideal for stable systems with predictable loads. On the other hand, on-load tap changers adjust voltage while energized and are used in dynamic systems where voltage regulation is needed under changing load conditions. PDM transformers can be equipped with either no-load or on-load tap changers.
A dry-type transformer uses air or solid insulation to cool the unit. On the other hand, an oil-filled transformer uses insulating oil for cooling and insulation. Dry-type units are often used indoors for safety and fire resistance, while oil-filled transformers are preferred for high-power outdoor applications.
Industry Standards
Yes, all PDM Dry-Type, Padmount, and Power Substation Transformers meet or exceed requirements set by NEMA, ANSI C57, the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), and IEEE. PDM Transformers are designed, manufactured, and tested in accordance with the highest industry standards, delivering consistent, code-compliant power solutions that stand up to demanding operating conditions and evolving regulatory requirements. PDM has successfully installed quality transformers to exacting standards at co-locationdata centers, hyper-scalers, mission critical facilities, power companies, nuclear plants, and more.
To improve power distribution reliability, it is recommended to use high-quality equipment, such as transformers and breakers that meet ANSI, IEEE, and NEMA standards. Implement system redundancy where possible, perform regular maintenance, and monitor load levels to avoid overloading. Surge protection, proper grounding, and arc flash mitigation also reduce risk of failure.
NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association): Defines the construction, performance, and enclosure types for electrical equipment, including environmental protection ratings and dimensional standards.
ANSI C57 (American National Standards Institute): Focuses on performance and testing standards for power and distribution transformers. It covers areas like insulation levels, temperature rise, impedance, and loading.
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy): Establishes minimum energy efficiency requirements for distribution transformers sold in the U.S., helping reduce energy losses and operational costs.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): Provides engineering guidelines and technical standards for design, testing, maintenance, and installation. IEEE standards support consistent performance and interoperability across electrical systems.
Many transformer manufacturers are currently experiencing long lead times due to capacity constraints, sourcing issues and post-COVID supply issues.To improve power distribution system reliability, use equipment that meets industry standards (ANSI, IEEE, NEMA), ensure proper system design, and maintain consistent load balancing. Regular inspections, preventive maintenance, and protective devices like surge arresters and breakers help reduce faults. All PDM transformers (Dry-Type, Padmount, and Power Substation) meet or exceed requirements set by NEMA, ANSI C57, the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), and IEEE, supporting long-term performance in data centers, mission critical facilities, and utility environments.
Lead Times
Transformer lead times are currently extended due to a combination of global supply chain disruptions, material shortages, and high demand across sectors like utilities, data centers, and infrastructure. Key components have experienced production and shipping bottlenecks. Additionally, a limited number of qualified manufacturers and rising demand for custom specifications further extend production timelines. PDM addresses this issue by offering industrial-grade transformers with lead times as short as 9 weeks, reducing delays and keep projects moving.
Transformer lead times can cause significant project delays. Extended timelines—commonly 40 to 80+ weeks—can postpone energization, delay equipment installation, and disrupt construction schedules. This impacts downstream contractors, increases costs, and can affect compliance with utility interconnection timelines. Faster options include working with manufacturers that offer expedited production, standard core designs, or in-stock inventory.
PDM provides transformers with lead times as short as 9 weeks, reducing scheduling risk and keeps critical infrastructure projects on track.
Generally speaking, PDM's transformer lead times are 9 weeks for padmounts, 9 weeks for dry-types and 5 months for power substations. For exact lead times on your product requirements, please submit your RFP to quotes@pdmllc.net or click here.
PDM's circuit breaker lead times run between 4 - 6 months, depending on your specifications. For exact lead times on your product requirements, please submit your RFP to quotes@pdmllc.net or click here.
PDM has an exclusive partnership with a manufacturer who has access to high quality components and parts, and who is able to produce products at much higher rates than industry averages.
In addition, PDM components and parts are sourced within a facility that is 49% owned by Eaton, a company that is widely regarded as producing high quality components and parts. Additionally, PDM transformers undergo extensive routine and design performance testing to ensure PDM transformers meet or exceed ANSI, IEEE, and NEMA standards for reliability, dielectric strength, and operational safety.
Generally speaking, PDM transformer lead times are 9 weeks for padmounts, 9 weeks for dry-types and 5 months for power substations. For exact lead times on your product requirements, please submit your RFP to quotes@pdmllc.net or click here.
Customizations
PDM transformers support a wide range of built-to-spec customizations to meet specific application, safety, and space requirements. Options are configured to client specs and include:
- custom-made step-up or step-down voltage
- loop or radial feed configurations
- with or without taps
- the use of ONAN Type II mineral oil
- arc flash reduction
- skid-mounting
- configuration for high-reliability applications are also available
Yes, PDM power substation transformers come in multiple bushing orientation options to fit site layout, cabinet design, and connection needs. Proper bushing orientation simplifies cable routing, reduces installation time, and ensures clearances meet electrical safety codes. Orientation options are especially important in retrofits or space-constrained installations.
PDM padmount and substation transformers can be filled with either mineral oil or FR3 seed oil. The choice depends on fire safety, environmental requirements, and installation conditions.
Yes, PDM transformers can be designed with specific impedance values. The standard impedance is 5.75%Z ±7.5%, but custom values can be specified to meet system coordination needs. Impedance affects voltage regulation and short-circuit performance, so it is important to select the right impedance to manage fault currents and maintain system stability.
PDM padmount transformers can be painted in Munsell Green, ANSI #70 Light Gray, or ANSI #61 Gray. These colors are commonly specified for visual standardization, corrosion resistance, and heat management. Munsell Green blends with outdoor surroundings, while light gray options reflect heat and are often required in utility specifications.
PDM transformers can be customized with either copper or aluminum windings. Copper has higher conductivity and is often preferred for applications requiring high efficiency and compact size. Aluminum is more cost-effective and lighter, making it a good option for budget-conscious or space-sensitive projects. The choice depends on the application's electrical load, cost priorities, and long-term performance goals.
Surge arresters can be added to PDM transformers to protect against voltage spikes from lightning strikes, switching operations, or faults. They divert excess voltage safely to ground, preventing damage to insulation and other components. Surge arresters are critical in outdoor, utility, or industrial systems with frequent exposure to overvoltage conditions.
PDM transformers offer various connection configurations, including delta-wye, wye-wye, and delta-delta. Delta-wye is the most common, providing a stable output with good ground reference. Wye-wye is used when neutral is needed on both sides. Delta-delta is used in applications with high phase loads or no neutral requirement. The right choice depends on the grounding, load balance, and voltage requirements.
Safety, Sustainability, & Efficiency
PDM transformers use Class H insulation rating, which is designed to withstand high operating temperatures. Class H insulation offers high thermal endurance, making it suitable for demanding environments and applications where transformers may be exposed to elevated temperatures or continuous heavy loading. It also contributes to longer service life and improved reliability under stress.
Heat management is critical in data centers because high power usage generates significant heat. If not properly managed, this heat can overload cooling systems, damage servers, and cause unexpected shutdowns. Using high-efficiency transformers, like ones with the highest insulation rating (Class H) and meet or exceed industry standards (ANSI C57, IEEE, NEMA) and electrical gear can reduce heat output at the source. This lowers the strain on cooling infrastructure and helps maintain reliable uptime. Effective heat management is essential for protecting equipment, reducing energy costs, and avoiding service interruptions.
Yes, all PDM transformers are UL® Listed and meet standards for both safety and sustainability. UL® certification is a trusted mark of quality that verifies our transformers comply with key industry regulations and performance benchmarks. Whether used in utility grids, industrial plants, or mission-critical data centers, PDM’s transformers provide dependable, efficient power delivery backed by third-party safety assurance.
Power transformers must meet industry standards such as NEMA, ANSI C57, IEEE, and DOE regulations. These standards cover electrical performance, thermal limits, insulation, efficiency, and safety requirements. Compliance ensures that transformers operate reliably under expected conditions and meet regulatory guidelines for energy efficiency and safety.
Manufacturing
PDM's U.S. manufacturing facility is located near Salt Lake City, Utah, on the 350,000 square foot campus of Quality Electrical Systems (QES). This facility supports the production and assembly of transformers and high-voltage circuit breakers using U.S. and imported parts. The location helps reduce lead times, such as 10 weeks for pad-mounted transformers, and meets growing demand from data centers, utilities, and enterprise customers.
Dry-Type Transformers
Yes, PDM manufactures dry-type utility-grade, air-cooled transformers that are used inside facilities in close to full load conditions, which improves efficiency for industrial and commercial applications.
A dry-type transformer is an electrical transformer that uses air instead of liquid for cooling. Unlike oil-filled transformers, dry-type units rely on natural air ventilation or forced air systems to dissipate heat, making them safer and more environmentally friendly for indoor use. They’re commonly used in commercial buildings, hospitals, schools, data centers, and industrial facilities where fire risk, ventilation, or space constraints are concerns. Dry-type transformers are low maintenance, energy efficient, and ideal for applications where performance, safety, and compliance with strict building codes are essential.
PDM low voltage and medium dry-type transformers are designed for cost efficiency through compact size, lighter weight, and reduced load losses. Their high efficiency reduces energy waste, leading to lower operating costs over time, especially in continuous-use applications like data centers and industrial facilities.
Yes, PDM’s Dry-Type transformers are designed to meet the efficiency standards set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Star program. This means our transformers not only deliver reliable, high-performance electrical power distribution, but they also reduce energy loss and lower operating costs over time.
Yes, PDM dry-type transformers support short-term overloads, such as motor startup surges, temporary load spikes, emergency backup loads, or system switching events, when equipped with forced air-cooling (AF) systems. This option increases cooling capacity and allows the transformer to operate above its rated load for limited periods without compromising performance or safety.
PDM low voltage and medium voltage dry-type transformers use self-extinguishing materials that prevent arcs from short-circuits. These materials eliminate the release of harmful gases under high temperatures, improving safety in enclosed or sensitive environments.
PDM dry-type transformers include special corrosion protection on coils and core clamps, allowing reliable performance in humidity and other harsh conditions. This makes them suitable for coastal, industrial, or indoor environments where moisture and corrosion are concerns.
PDM's ventilated dry-type transformers use thermally conductive cast epoxy resin to insulate coils. This provides self-cooling and protects against fire, moisture, and reduced risk of leaks. These features make them suitable for harsh environments such as areas with high humidity, corrosive air (like coastal or industrial zones), extreme cold or heat, high dust levels, or challenging geological locations. The solid insulation system eliminates the need for oil, making dry-type transformers safer for sensitive installations.
Padmount Transformers
PDM padmount transformers are designed for cost efficiency through compact size, lighter weight, and low load losses. Their high efficiency reduces energy waste, leading to lower operating costs over time, especially in continuous-use applications like data centers and industrial facilities.
Yes, PDM manufacures padmount transformers using heavy duty, tamper-proof compartments making them ideal for outside commercial and industrial applications such as data centers, solar step-up, manufacturing facilities, and shopping centers.
A padmount transformer is a ground-mounted, enclosed electrical transformer used in underground power distribution systems. It is housed in a locked, tamper-resistant cabinet and typically serves residential, commercial, or light industrial loads. Padmount transformers are commonly used in areas where overhead lines are not practical or allowed.
Yes, PDM’s Padmount transformers are designed to meet the efficiency standards set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Star program. This means our transformers not only deliver reliable, high-performance electrical power distribution, but they also reduce energy loss and lower operating costs over time.
PDM padmount transformers use self-extinguishing materials that prevent arcs from short-circuits. These materials eliminate the release of harmful gases under high temperatures, improving safety in enclosed or sensitive environments.
Yes, PDM padmount transformers support short-term overloads when equipped with forced air-cooling (AF) systems. This option increases cooling capacity and allows the transformer to operate above its rated load for limited periods without compromising performance or safety.
PDM's padmount transformers use thermally conductive cast epoxy resin to insulate coils. This provides self-cooling and protects against fire, moisture, and reduced risk of leaks.
PDM padmount transformers include special corrosion protection on coils and core clamps, allowing reliable performance even in 100% relative humidity and other harsh conditions. This makes them suitable for coastal, industrial, or indoor environments where moisture and corrosion are concerns.
Power Substation Transformers
PDM substation transformers are built using high-quality materials and produced through efficient manufacturing processes to ensure durability, reliability, and consistent performance in demanding environments. This supports a long service life and meets the requirements of utility, industrial, and data center applications.
All PDM substation transformers are covered by PDM’s Limited Warranty for five (5) years. Extended warranties are available, contact us to learn more!
A power substation transformer is used to step voltage up or down within an electrical substation and plays a key role in power transmission and distribution by converting voltage levels between high-voltage transmission lines and lower-voltage distribution systems. These transformers are used in utility substations, data centers, manufacturing plants, and large industrial facilities to ensure efficient and reliable power delivery across the electrical grid.
PDM substation transformers are built to precise engineering specifications using Toshiba analysis software. This ensures accurate thermal, electrical, and mechanical design for reliable performance, efficiency, and long-term operation in critical power applications.
Yes, witness testing is available for substation transformers during the offloading, assembly and testing processes, all of which are supported through our partnership with Sunbelt Solomon.
Yes, PDM substation transformers can be tested using customized test scripts to meet specific project, compliance requirements, or Quality Assurance (QA) process. This QA allows for verification of performance parameters beyond standard test protocols when needed.
Yes, PDM’s Power Substation transformers are designed to meet the efficiency standards set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Star program. This means our transformers not only deliver reliable, high-performance electrical power distribution, but they also reduce energy loss and lower operating costs over time.
Circuit Breakers
Yes, PDM dead tank circuit breakers offer excellent seismic performance and are resistant to pollution. This makes them suitable for areas with frequent earthquakes, high elevations, or heavy environmental pollution.
The PDM partnership with XD | GE combines GE’s global energy experience with XD’s high-voltage equipment. This helps deliver reliable products more efficiently and makes XD | GE circuit breakers available for use in data centers, substations, manufacturing, and power transmission around the world.
A dead tank circuit breaker is a high-voltage breaker where the interrupter is housed in a grounded metal tank filled with insulating gas. The tank stays at ground potential, which improves safety and makes it suitable for outdoor use. Dead tank breakers are commonly used in substations, power transmission systems, data centers, and industrial facilities to interrupt fault currents and protect electrical equipment.
Yes, PMD proudly supplies XD | GE dead tank high-voltage circuit breakers, which are trusted for their compact design, reliable performance, and advanced tech used in everything from data centers to substations and manufacturing plants.
The PDM partnership with XD | GE maintains dedicated measuring and inspection departments with certified, full-time inspectors at each manufacturing site. This ensures consistent quality control and compliance with performance standards for high voltage circuit breakers used in data centers, substations, manufacturing plants, and power transmission systems.
PDM Dead tank circuit breakers use advanced arc extinguishing technology within a compact design. This increases overall reliability in high-voltage power systems.
Yes, PDM dead tank circuit breakers have a compact design with current transformers built into the bushing insulators. Additionally, this simplifies installation and reduces the need for additional equipment.
PDM dead tank circuit breakers use a modular spring-operated and integrated hydromechanical mechanism. This design lowers maintenance needs and operating costs by simplifying components and improving long-term reliability.
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